The 12 new faculty to be appointed will have teaching and research interests in ethics as it applies to their home discipline. All appointees will work primarily in their home departments but have partial appointments in the Rock Ethics Institute, according to Susan Welch, dean of the College of the Liberal Arts, the home of the institute, which is directed by Nancy Tuana.
"We're looking specifically at enhancing ethics literacy in research projects in the sciences, engineering, humanities and social sciences," said Welch, "as well as to advance the integration of ethics into the curriculum at all levels, including graduate and postdoctoral mentoring in research ethics."
For example, a faculty member in a health field might develop a couple of courses integrating ethics as a major component of the material they teach, Welch explained. They might also help train others in their unit and work with colleagues on campus-wide initiatives. "Each faculty member's specific work will differ depending on their field and the specific needs of their department and college," she said.
Shriver noted that at Penn State, all disciplines are included in research ethics.
"That's one of the features that makes our approach unique, effective and relevant," she said. "Traditionally, research ethics has been the domain of the sciences, particularly medicine and engineering. But ours is not a one-size-fits-all program. Each graduate student and faculty member at Penn State explores ethical issues relevant to their discipline, whether they're in engineering, English or music theory."
Debra Thurley, associate director of the Office for Research Protections, said that when it comes to the University's code of research ethics and its compliance and enforcement procedures, the approach is decidedly not tailor-made.
"In the event of alleged non-compliance or research misconduct, there are specific policies and procedures to be followed," she said. "Once a concern is reported, we first have to evaluate the issue to ensure it is a valid claim and that there is enough information provided to review. If yes, we move to an inquiry stage and determine if the information gathered warrants an investigation. In all cases, there are specific procedures to follow, and committees that stand ready to become involved, as needed, such as the Institutional Review Board, the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and the Conflict of Interest Committee. Each of these committees have developed standard operating procedures on how to review and process allegations of non-compliance or misconduct, or both."
Thurley's duties include managing the day-to-day operations of the Conflict of Interest Program, or COI.
"The University takes conflicts of interest and the potential for (or perceptions that) outside financial interests to affect our research and other decision-making very seriously," she said. "Thus, Penn State applies its conflict of interest policies University-wide and to all research, whether sponsored or unsponsored. The goal to ensure the public that our research and decision-making is not biased by outside financial interests is just as important when the research is funded by the NIH as when it is funded by the investigator's department or by industry."
One broad misunderstanding about COI, Thurley added, is that when most people -- members of the general public and the research community -- hear "there is a conflict of interest," they assume there has been wrongdoing or someone's integrity or ethics is being challenged.
"We have been trying very hard for several years to re-educate and explain that when we are looking at outside financial interests and their relationships to University research or business, we are usually looking at the potential for a conflict of interest or the perception that the researcher or the University could be conflicted in its decision making," Thurley said. "It is not a determination of wrongdoing or something that researchers or the University should feel they need to hide."
The goal, she emphasized, is to disclose, address and manage -- or in complex cases, eliminate -- the potential or perceived conflict before there are any issues.
Yekel said the size of the University presents challenges for monitoring for research compliance.
"So, we take a pro-active approach to develop a culture of concern by meeting with faculty, staff and students regularly and being readily available to answer questions," she explained. "The University has implemented an ethics hotline that is available to not only the University community but also the public. However, I am a strong believer that the best compliance is achieved with education and developing partnerships with our researchers."
Yekel reflected on her own experience as an undergraduate and graduate student at Penn State.
"Back then, most -- if not all -- of my education and training on how to conduct research ethically and in compliance was provided by my advisor," she said. "Since that time, areas like research compliance and research ethics have become even more complex and require a more institution-wide approach."
Because of some high-profile cases involving violations in the conduct of research, there has been an increase in federal policies and expectations, Yekel said. Universities have by necessity become more pro-active in providing many educational opportunities about ethics for students and faculty alike.
"Our goal is to keep growing in the ways we strengthen our own approaches to research ethics issues," Yekel said. "These efforts are not intended to replace the mentoring provided by faculty advisors; rather they are expected to enhance and encourage dialogue about difficult and challenging dilemmas."